Showing posts with label Printer. Show all posts
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A 2D Tour of a 3D Printer Factory

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It's only coincidence, but even as simulating 3D stereoscopically has gotten more and more popular in movies, TVs, and home theater projectors, a completely different type of 3D?the kind that deals with real-world, 3D objects?has also become a hot new area for printers. And because it's so new, when I started talking to Buildatron Systems about reviewing one of its 3D printers (stay tuned for that story), I also asked if I could tour its ... ummm ... manufacturing facilities.

That's a decidedly grandiose description for the few-hundred square foot office space where Buildatron puts its printers together. But the space is probably no smaller than the garage that the two Steves?Wozniack and Jobs?started with.

The comparison to Apple's?and, more broadly, the personal computer's?early days is hard to avoid. In fact, the parallels are striking. Like mainframe and mini computers in the mid 1970s, expensive 3D printers are well established today for lots of applications, from architectural modeling to printing dental crowns while you wait. And just as computers at prices individuals could afford were a brand new development in 1975, so too are affordable 3D printers today.

More than that, what you might reasonably call the personal 3D printer industry is at about the same level of development now as personal computers were in roughly 1975 or 1976. Back then, the 8080-based Altair 8800 and the 6502-based Apple I were generating lots of interest and excitement among hobbyists, but they weren't quite ready for the mainstream.

You can make the same statement about 3D printers today, which is why one of the explicit goals of Buildatron's three founders and directors?James Wolff, Dan Liotti, and Zach Hines?is to make the 3D printer (preferably Buildatron's of course), as common a household fixture as the computer. The one important piece that's missing is a software application that will do for 3D printing what VisiCalc did for the Apple II, namely: Make the printers immediately useful to mainstream users. (That's probably not too far away, but it's a subject for a different discussion.)

The current state of the industry shows in our photos if you know what to look for. A long time ago I wrote a piece that was, among other things, trying to get across what a real research lab is like. I sent a photographer to get some pictures of one, but he came back with pristine workbenches from what turned out to be a high school chem lab.

When I asked what happened, he told me that the research lab was so cluttered that he couldn't take photos he was happy with. I told him that the clutter was the point and sent him back to try again. Buildatron's work areas show the same kind of organized chaos that I expect to see in a working research lab.

Not so incidentally, Buildatron is part of the RepRap community. RepRap is shorthand for replicating rapid prototyper. The RepRap project's goal is to encourage the widespread distribution of 3D printers by developing open designs that can actually print most of the parts you need to build another printer. Open design for physical objects is the equivalent of open source for software, with designs available under the free GNU General Public License.

The Buildatron printers are based on the Crusa Mendel RepRap design. Buy one printer and you can print more. Buildatron will be happy to sell you just the parts that the machine can't print, as well as the rolls of plastic filament you need both for the parts it can print and for anything else you're interested in printing.

Buildatron came out with its first printer in September 2011. When I contacted one of the founders and began discussing coming by for a tour, he wanted to wait until the second model, the Buildatron 2, was ready. By December 2011, it was, at $1,599 in kit form or $2,500 prebuilt. When I got the word, I immediately made arrangements to swing by, and showed up with a backup photographer (aka, our analyst Tony Hoffman), as well as my own camera in hand.



Buildatron is housed in the Greenpoint Lofts building in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn, which offers a mix of residential areas and light industry. Greenpoint Lofts is basically an incubator operation, with lots of startups in an assortment of industries. The building is filled with recording studios, light manufacturing, film industry related companies, and Buildatron Systems, which takes up one office on the 3rd floor.


Greenpoint is just over and a touch north of the Williamsburg Bridge from Manhattan?or the city, as New Yorker's tend to call it. We showed up on a day that was cloudy and occasionally raining. However, we've been assured that we're facing the city in this view, and if it had been a clear day, we would have had a great looking shot of the lower Manhattan skyline from outside Buildatron's door, three floors above the courtyard shown here.


Easy to miss, because it's just to your left as you come in through the doorway, this impressive looking piece of machinery is a laser cutter. Buildatron says it was used mainly with the Buildatron 1, for cutting the case from acrylic. The new model's case is metal, so there's less for the cutter to do. However, Buildatron still produces a few components on the cutter, so it still gets some use.


On the right as you walk in is this imposing collection of tools plus various odds and ends. Don't let that scare you away from a DIY kit, however. Buildatron collected these tools over time, and the company says that you need only a hex driver, and "a couple of wrenches" to build a printer from the kit.


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Kodak HERO 3.1 All-in-One Printer

The Kodak HERO 3.1 All-in-One Printer ($99.99 direct) is the junior member of Kodak’s HERO line of inkjet multifunction printers (MFPs). It provides a low-priced option with solid home credentials, respectable speed and output quality for its price.

The HERO 3.1, which prints, scans, and copies, is a black machine with silver and red trim, which measures 6.8 by 16.5 by 12.3 inches and weighs 11.9 pounds, closely resembling the Editors’ Choice Kodak ESP C310 All In One Printer ($99.99 direct, 4 stars).  To the right of the lid tilt-up 2.4-inch color LCD lies behind a 4-way controller and some basic control buttons: On, Cancel, Home, Back, Zoom in/Zoom Out, and Start. The HERO 3.1 has a media-card reader that can read cards in the SD, Memory Stick, and MultiMedia Card families, though it lacks a port for a USB thumb drive, one of the features that the Kodak HERO 5.1 ($129.99, 4 stars) adds to the mix.

This MFP has a 100-sheet paper capacity, but lacks an automatic duplexer for printing on both sides of a sheet of paper. It also lacks fax capabilities and an automatic document feeder (ADF), clearly making it an MFP focused on home use and setting it apart from the Editors’ Choice Brother MFC-J430W ($100 street, 4 stars), a business-oriented budget MFP.

The HERO 3:1 includes built-in support for Google Cloud Print and Kodak Email Print, which is essentially an extension to Google Cloud Print. Once you assign the printer an email address through Kodak Email Print, you can print to it from any computer, smartphone, or other device that can send email. You simply create a message, attach the document you want printed, and send it. You don't even need to turn on your computer, thanks to the printer having its own email address, although the printer has to be connected to your network, with your network connected to the Internet.

The HERO 3.1 can connect to a LAN via WiFi or to a computer via USB cable. I tested it over a USB connection with the drivers installed on a PC running Windows Vista.

Kodak HERO 3.1 All-in-One Printer

Printing Speed

The printer's speed on our business applications suite (using QualityLogic's hardware and software for timing), was tied with the HERO 5.1, at 3.1 pages per minute (ppm), faster than the Editors’ Choice Kodak ESP C310’s 2.7 ppm. (Surprisingly, both the HERO 3.1 and HERO 5.1 tested somewhat faster than the higher-end models in the HERO line.) The HP Photosmart 5510 e-All-in-One ($100 street, 3.5 stars) tested at 3.7 ppm, while the Brother MFC-J430w left them all in the dust by testing at 4.3 ppm.

Output Quality

Overall, the HERO 3:1’s output quality was very similar to the HERO 5:1, with average text, sub-par graphics, and photos of average (if inconsistent) quality.

Text quality was typical of an inkjet MFP, suitable for schoolwork and general business use but not for desktop publishing, marketing materials, or other output

Graphics quality for the HERO 3.1 was sub-par for an inkjet. Banding (a regular pattern of faint lines of discoloration) was prevalent in some illustrations, particularly ones with solid backgrounds. A couple of illustrations showed blotchiness, with slightly faded areas. Another issue was posterization, abrupt shifts in color where they should have been gradual. Also, thin colored lines did not show up at all, defaulting to gray (which made them barely visible against a black background.

Photo quality was inconsistent, with some prints looking better than what you’d expect from a drugstore and others worse. Overall, colors were rich and well saturated. A monochrome image showed a tint, and in several images detail was lost in bright areas.

Other Issues

The HERO 3:1 lets you create and print 3D images. It includes a utility that will create an anaglyphic 3D color image (the kind that needs glasses with one red lens and one blue lens to see the 3D effect). To print a 3D image, you need two photos of the same scene, and you’ll need to move the camera about three inches horizontally between snapping the two pictures. The utility overlays the images and prints them. To let you see the 3D effect, Kodak provides two pairs of glasses with the printer.

Kodak claims  running costs for the HERO 3:1 of 3.9 cents per monochrome page and 10.7 cents per color page; the cost per color page is particularly low.

The Kodak HERO 3.1 offers decent speed for a $99 printer, and its output quality is average for an inkjet at its price. It’s slightly faster than the Editors’ Choice Kodak ESP C310 but it adds little feature-wise, and the C310 edged it in photo quality. The HERO 3.1 is a good choice for a budget inkjet MFP, providing low price and low running costs, but you should also consider the C310, the extra features of the HERO 5:1, or—if you want an MFP for home-office as well as home use—the Brother MFC-J430w.

More Multi-function Printer Reviews:

•   Canon Color imageClass MF8080Cw
•   Brother MFC-J280w
•   Brother MFC-J625dw
•   Canon imageClass MF4570dw
•   HP TopShot LaserJet Pro M275
•  more


View the original article here

Kodak HERO 5.1 All-in-One Printer

The Kodak HERO 5.1 All-in-One Printer ($129.99 direct) is a step up from the Kodak HERO 3.1 ($99.99 direct), the base model in Kodak’s new multifunction printer (MFP) line. For the extra $30 you pay for it, the HERO 5:1 adds several features that the HERO 3.1 lacks, chiefly a port for a USB thumb drive and an automatic duplexer for printing on both sides of a sheet of paper. Otherwise they were nearly identical in speed and output quality; the HERO 5.1 is a worthy choice for an MFP geared mostly to home use.

The HERO 5.1 prints, scans, and copies. It measures 7.2 by 16.6 by 15.7 inches and weighs 13.8 pounds. It’s boxier than the HERO 3.1 but very similar in layout. To the right of the lid that conceals the scanner platen, a tilt-up 2.4-inch color LCD lies behind a 4-way controller and some basic control buttons: On, Cancel, Home, Back, Zoom in/Zoom Out, and Start. Along with its port for a USB thumb drive, the HERO 5.1 has a media-card reader that can read cards in the SD, Memory Stick, and MultiMedia Card families.

The HERO 5.1 has a 100-sheet paper tray, enough capacity that you could use it for light-duty home-office use, though it’s mostly geared towards home use. It includes support for Google Cloud Print and Kodak Email Print, which is essentially an extension to Google Cloud Print. You assign the printer an email address through Kodak Email Print, and then you can print to it from any computer, smartphone, or other device that can send email. You simply create a message, attach the document you want printed, and send it.  Because the printer has its own email address, you don't even need to turn on your computer, although the printer has to be connected to your network and your network connected to the Internet.

The HERO 5.1 can connect to a LAN via WiFi or to a computer via USB cable, though it lacks Ethernet connectivity. I tested it over a USB connection with the drivers installed on a PC running Windows Vista.

Kodak HERO 5.1 All-in-One Printer

Print Speed

I timed the Kodak HERO 5.1 on the latest version of our business applications suite (using QualityLogic's hardware and software, www.qualitylogic.com) at 3.1 effective pages per minute (ppm), which matched the score of the HERO 3:1 and beat out the Editors’ Choice Kodak ESP C310 All In One Printer ($99 direct, 4 stars) 2.7 ppm. The Brother MFC-J430W ($100 street, 4 stars) was faster, testing at 4.3 effective ppm.

Output Quality

Overall, the HERO 5.1’s output was similar to the HERO 3.1, with average text output, sub-par graphics, and average photos. The HERO 5.1’s text quality was typical of an inkjet MFP, suitable for schoolwork and general business use but not for desktop publishing, marketing materials, or other output that you seek to impress an important client with.

Graphics quality for the HERO 5.1 was slightly sub-par for an inkjet. Banding (a regular pattern of faint lines of discoloration) was visible in many illustrations, particularly ones with solid backgrounds. Posterization, abrupt shifts in color where they should be gradual, was evident in a couple of graphics. Also, thin colored lines did not print well, barely showing up against a black background.

Photo quality was about average for an inkjet, with most prints being about what you’d expect from drugstore prints. Overall, colors were rich and well saturated. A monochrome image showed an obvious tint (which may not be an issue if you don’t shoot in black-and-white). Detail was lost in the bright areas of several prints.

Other Issues

The HERO 5.1 includes a utility that will create an anaglyphic 3D color image, the kind that needs glasses with one red lens and one blue lens to see the 3D effect. To print a 3D image, you need two photos of the same scene, and you’ll need to move the camera about three inches horizontally between snapping the two pictures. The utility overlays the images and prints them. To let you see the 3D effect, Kodak provides two pairs of glasses with the printer.

Kodak claims running costs for the HERO 5.1 of 3.9 cents per monochrome page and 10.7 cents per color page, the same as the HERO 3.1. The cost of color printing is low, particularly for a budget MFP.

The Kodak HERO 5.1 builds on the HERO 3.1, adding a port for a USB thumb drive and an automatic duplexer for a little more money. If those features are important to you, the 5.1’s the better choice. Otherwise, their print speeds were identical and output very similar. The Editors’ Choice Kodak ESP C310 provides slightly better photo quality, and the Editors’ Choice Brother MFC-J430w has a more business-oriented feature set.

More Multi-function Printer Reviews:

•   Canon Color imageClass MF8080Cw
•   Brother MFC-J280w
•   Brother MFC-J625dw
•   Canon imageClass MF4570dw
•   HP TopShot LaserJet Pro M275
•  more


View the original article here

A 2D Tour of a 3D Printer Factory

A 2D Tour of a 3D Printer Factory | PCMag.com /*article new styles */.vertical-nav ul li a{line-height:27px;}.data-article .article-byline .article-author {float:none !important;}.data-article .article-byline .article-author a{float:left;display:inline-block;}.data-article .article-byline strong.author {float:left !important;padding:8px 4px 4px 4px;}.data-article .article-byline strong.author .reviewer a{float:none;}#article-btns .share-buttons span.slide-google{*width:auto;}.splashRibbon {padding:0px !important;margin:18px 5px 5px 0;}ul.comment li a { display:inline; }.comments-box { display:none; } .hot-topics {margin:12px 0 6px; padding:0; float:left; width:400px;}.hot-topics h3 {color:#CC3333; float:left; font:bold 12px Arial;}.hot-topics ul {list-style:none outside none;}.hot-topics ul li {float:left;}.hot-topics li a {color:#000000; font:11px Arial; padding:0 5px; text-decoration:underline;}.agenda .article-splash { float:right; } .ad411 { text-align: center; } .ad416 { margin:0px !important; }.print-header {width:820px !important;} /* fixes for featured link and download styles */.featured-links {margin:20px 0 18px;overflow:hidden;}.featured-links h3 {border-bottom:none !important;font:bold 16px arial !important;margin:7px 0 9px !important;color:#000 !important;}.feature-downloads {margin:20px 0 18px !important;overflow:hidden;}.feature-downloads h3 {border-bottom:none !important;font:bold 16px arial !important;margin:0 0 13px !important;color:#000 !important;}.feature-downloads .top-downloads {border:none;}.feature-downloads .top-downloads .box a.download {margin:0px;} #top-header{height:145px;}.adheader401{border-top:1px solid #ccc;padding:9px 0 0;}.pcmag-topheader{height:145px;}.pcmag-topheader .top-headers{padding:0 0 10px;}.middle-frame{margin:0px;}.left-frame{width:610px;margin:12px 0 0;_width:600px;}.two-columns .products-list .results-column {float:left;} /*css opt*/.adheader401 {border-top:1px solid #ccc;padding:9px 0 0 0;}.zd-logo .zdlogo a { margin: -12px 0 0;overflow: hidden;position: absolute;width: 56px;}.finder-column {padding:0px !important;}/*.two-columns .results-column{float:left !important;}*/.subscribe-drop .subscribe li.tryit .subscribe-image {background:none;margin:3px 0 0;}.text-content .btn-holder strong a{font:bold 15px arial;}.data-article .btn-holder {float: left;height: 1%;overflow: hidden; padding: 24px 0 26px;width: 621px;}.data-article .btn-holder strong.right {color: #006699;float: right !important;font: bold 15px arial;}.container .visual p a span.btn-view { background: url("/img/spr-article.gif") no-repeat scroll 0 -801px transparent;padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;}.data-article p{padding-bottom:9px;margin:0px;}.ad401{margin:0 0 10px 0 !important;}.dropdown {height:auto;}.news {padding: 0px!important; }.business {padding: 2px 0px!important;}.dropdown-reviews {height: 210px!important;}.dropdown .dropdown-reviews .dd-list ul li a {border:medium none;color:#000000;font:bold 12px Arial;letter-spacing:0;padding:0;text-decoration:none;}#wrapper #main {padding:7px 0 10px;}.destination .header-wrap-main {padding:0 0 0;}#top-deck h1{border-right:1px solid #ccc;}#top-comment-count, #top-comment-count a, #top-comment-count a:visited {color:#666!important}#article-content .slide-content .back-link {width:274px;} LAPTOPS DESKTOPS TABLETS PHONES SOFTWARE CAMERAS HDTVS PRINTERS more  ANDROID APPS CAMCORDERS CONSOLES EREADERS GPS HARD DRIVES HEADPHONES IPHONE APPS MFPS MP3 PLAYERS MONITORS MOBILE APPS NETBOOKS NETWORKING PROJECTORS ROUTERS SCANNERS SECURITY SERVERS SPEAKERS STORAGE ALL REVIEWS > NEWS & OPINION BUSINESS DOWNLOADS DAILY DEAL SUBSCRIBE TOP SEARCHES: Kindle FireiPhone 4SAntivirusNook HomeProduct GuidesPrinters & ScannersA 2D Tour of a 3D Printer Factory A 2D Tour of a 3D Printer Factory Not only has the personal 3D printer arrived, if you buy one, you can use it to print another 3D printer. We tour Buildatron, the company that wants to make that a reality. David Stone By M. David Stone December 15, 2011 Comments Tweet Contents A 2D Tour of a 3D Printer Factory 5-8 9-12 13-16 A 2D Tour of a 3D Printer Factory

It's only coincidence, but even as simulating 3D stereoscopically has gotten more and more popular in movies, TVs, and home theater projectors, a completely different type of 3D?the kind that deals with real-world, 3D objects?has also become a hot new area for printers. And because it's so new, when I started talking to Buildatron Systems about reviewing one of its 3D printers (stay tuned for that story), I also asked if I could tour its ... ummm ... manufacturing facilities.

That's a decidedly grandiose description for the few-hundred square foot office space where Buildatron puts its printers together. But the space is probably no smaller than the garage that the two Steves?Wozniack and Jobs?started with.

The comparison to Apple's?and, more broadly, the personal computer's?early days is hard to avoid. In fact, the parallels are striking. Like mainframe and mini computers in the mid 1970s, expensive 3D printers are well established today for lots of applications, from architectural modeling to printing dental crowns while you wait. And just as computers at prices individuals could afford were a brand new development in 1975, so too are affordable 3D printers today.

More than that, what you might reasonably call the personal 3D printer industry is at about the same level of development now as personal computers were in roughly 1975 or 1976. Back then, the 8080-based Altair 8800 and the 6502-based Apple I were generating lots of interest and excitement among hobbyists, but they weren't quite ready for the mainstream.

You can make the same statement about 3D printers today, which is why one of the explicit goals of Buildatron's three founders and directors?James Wolff, Dan Liotti, and Zach Hines?is to make the 3D printer (preferably Buildatron's of course), as common a household fixture as the computer. The one important piece that's missing is a software application that will do for 3D printing what VisiCalc did for the Apple II, namely: Make the printers immediately useful to mainstream users. (That's probably not too far away, but it's a subject for a different discussion.)

The current state of the industry shows in our photos if you know what to look for. A long time ago I wrote a piece that was, among other things, trying to get across what a real research lab is like. I sent a photographer to get some pictures of one, but he came back with pristine workbenches from what turned out to be a high school chem lab.

When I asked what happened, he told me that the research lab was so cluttered that he couldn't take photos he was happy with. I told him that the clutter was the point and sent him back to try again. Buildatron's work areas show the same kind of organized chaos that I expect to see in a working research lab.

Not so incidentally, Buildatron is part of the RepRap community. RepRap is shorthand for replicating rapid prototyper. The RepRap project's goal is to encourage the widespread distribution of 3D printers by developing open designs that can actually print most of the parts you need to build another printer. Open design for physical objects is the equivalent of open source for software, with designs available under the free GNU General Public License.

The Buildatron printers are based on the Crusa Mendel RepRap design. Buy one printer and you can print more. Buildatron will be happy to sell you just the parts that the machine can't print, as well as the rolls of plastic filament you need both for the parts it can print and for anything else you're interested in printing.

Buildatron came out with its first printer in September 2011. When I contacted one of the founders and began discussing coming by for a tour, he wanted to wait until the second model, the Buildatron 2, was ready. By December 2011, it was, at $1,599 in kit form or $2,500 prebuilt. When I got the word, I immediately made arrangements to swing by, and showed up with a backup photographer (aka, our analyst Tony Hoffman), as well as my own camera in hand.



Buildatron is housed in the Greenpoint Lofts building in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn, which offers a mix of residential areas and light industry. Greenpoint Lofts is basically an incubator operation, with lots of startups in an assortment of industries. The building is filled with recording studios, light manufacturing, film industry related companies, and Buildatron Systems, which takes up one office on the 3rd floor.


Greenpoint is just over and a touch north of the Williamsburg Bridge from Manhattan?or the city, as New Yorker's tend to call it. We showed up on a day that was cloudy and occasionally raining. However, we've been assured that we're facing the city in this view, and if it had been a clear day, we would have had a great looking shot of the lower Manhattan skyline from outside Buildatron's door, three floors above the courtyard shown here.


Easy to miss, because it's just to your left as you come in through the doorway, this impressive looking piece of machinery is a laser cutter. Buildatron says it was used mainly with the Buildatron 1, for cutting the case from acrylic. The new model's case is metal, so there's less for the cutter to do. However, Buildatron still produces a few components on the cutter, so it still gets some use.


On the right as you walk in is this imposing collection of tools plus various odds and ends. Don't let that scare you away from a DIY kit, however. Buildatron collected these tools over time, and the company says that you need only a hex driver, and "a couple of wrenches" to build a printer from the kit.


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This 3D Printer Lets You Get Hands-On

[Photo: Joong Han Lee]3D printing is fun and all, but it’s just so impersonal when you let the computer do all the work. Joong Han Lee, a masters student at the Design Academy Eindhoven, wants to change this and bring a level of craftsmanship to 3D printing, and his creation does so in a very unique way.

For his thesis project, , Joong decided to build a machine that lets you get hands-on with 3D printing. You have to pick up a glue gun-like device that spews out modeling material and, guided by the tactile feedback arm it’s attached to, feel out and print the 3D model yourself.

When the tip of the gun intersects a position where a surface should be, the arm provides physical feedback, which acts as a guide, albeit not a very stern one.

The amount of material you use it up to you, which allows for more variation and more often than not results in a final product that looks like it was created with dripping wax. Everybody that tries his or her hand at it creates a unique item, all based on the same guide, due to his or her personal touch.

I must say that I love the box with the glove holes; I imagine it makes you feel like you’re working with a deadly super virus that could wipe out the Earth's population.

This definitely makes 3D printing a lot more personal, albeit less accurate, but I’m sure accuracy isn’t what he was going for in this project. It’s more about the experience than anything, and it actually looks like fun. I’m sure that with some time and a bit of practice you could get quite good, but I can’t seem to imagine anything you could create with this machine that you couldn’t with a normal 3D printer. Can you? Let us know in the comments!

[Studio Homunculus via Fast Co. Design]

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Canon Pixma MG6120 Inkjet Multifunction Printer, $139

Canon's Pixma MG6120 is a color inkjet all-in-one printer that packs in a lot of features for the price: USB, ethernet, and Wi-Fi connectivity; automatic duplexing; memory card slots; slots for USB thumb drives and PictBridge device, and more. Back in April we gave the Pixma MG6120 four of five stars for its stylish design, feature set, and very good print quality. Abe's of Maine has the Pixma MG6120 for only $139, and shipping is free.

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Apple Releases Canon, FujiXerox Printer Drivers

Looking to print a few flyers for your garage sale this weekend, or maybe print a few things for your upcoming Halloween party?

If you use a Canon or FujiXerox printer, you probably should use one of the new drivers released by Apple on Thursday.

Canon Printer Drivers v2.7 for OS X installs the latest software for Canon printers and scanners. The 324.08MB download requires Mac OS X 10.6.1 or later. Apple provides a list of supported devices.

FujiXerox Printer Drivers v2.2.1 for OS X is a 50.06MB download that requires Mac OS X 10.6 or later. The release notes has a list of supported devices.

The driver downloads are available through OS X's Software Update. They are also available from Apple's Support site.

Macworld
For more Macintosh computing news, visit Macworld. Story copyright © 2011 Mac Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.


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